The primitive forces of capitalism rule markets like the laws of gravity. Buyers and sellers provoke a battle to find a happy medium agreement in every market on the face of the planet.
As prices dance around on charts, traders are often looking to a number of reasons to explain price movements. And often-times, a number of reasons can be associated with these types of changes.
But at its core – every single price movement is denominated by supply and demand. Positive news means increased demand and lessened supply – equating to higher prices. Negative news usually spells lower demand and increased supply.
Supply and Demand Spelled OutSupply is simply the amount available, while demand is the amount that is wanted. Think of supply and demand in the most simple of terms, from the standpoint of any market where buyers and sellers exchange goods. Let’s, for a moment, imagine that you are selling oranges from your own farm at a local market. And you don’t necessarily have to sell all of your oranges, because, after all, you can eat them just as easily as anyone that buys them from you.
But the higher price you can charge for your oranges, in general, the more willing you would be to part with them. If oranges are only fetching 1 dollar per bag, you might be willing to sell 4 or 5 bags. But as price goes up, you decide to make more available. All the way up to 10 dollars per bag, at which point you are more than willing to sell every last orange you have because you can easily take all the money you made and buy something else to eat.
The graph below is called a ‘supply curve,’ and it expresses this relationship. The red line indicates supply, which increases as prices move higher (located on the horizontal axis).
Supply curve, expressing the number of units available (vertical) at various prices (horizontal)
And on the opposite end of the spectrum, we have demand. Now think of the buyer-seller relationship from the vantage point of the consumer. The lower the price, the higher demand will be – the exact opposite of our supply curve. If oranges were only 1 dollar per bag, we’ll we’d want to buy as many as we could because it would be an extreme value. As price increases, our demand weakens because, after all – if oranges are 10 dollars per bag – we can easily find replacement products to use instead of oranges.
Demand curve, expressing the number of units desired (vertical) at various prices (horizontal)
And these two competing forces meet in the marketplace to decide the prices that will be paid and the number of units that will change hands.
This is how price is discovered in a free market environment, the same way that prices are set on trading platforms around the world and it can be expressed in the chart below:
Supply and Demand curve, expressing the most efficient price at which buyers and sellers can meet
Supply and Demand in the Forex MarketThe analogy of oranges at a farmer’s market is not all too dissimilar from that which takes place every day in the currency market. In some cases, these forces are moving at such high velocity that new traders can have difficulty understanding the granularity of the details; but rest assured - the forces of supply and demand run true to markets whether you’re looking at a tick chart or real estate prices.
The FX market is one of the most voluminous on Earth, and the reason for that is the heavy demand behind the traded assets. Currencies are the basis for the world’s economy. Whenever one economy wants to trade with another economy (provided different currencies are used) an exchange will be required.
Supply and Demand at WorkImagine that the Reserve Bank of Australia enacts an interest rate change. An entire chain reaction will be set in motion due to the forces of supply and demand. When rates increase, rollover payments also increase. This means that investors that are holding the trade open at 5pm Eastern Time will receive a higher rate of interest than they would have previously. Incentive has just increased.
So naturally, more traders will want to buy; and fewer traders will want to sell as the opportunity cost of doing so (the rollover payment) has just gotten more expensive.
An example of supply and demand in response to Interest Rate Increase
Price aims to find a comfortable point, and will increase until there are no more buyers willing to pay that price. At this point, sellers outnumber buyers, and price will respond by moving down.
The Forces of Supply and Demand
An example of supply and demand in response to Interest Rate Increase
After price has moved down far enough (circled in blue), traders will come back into the picture, remembering in the increased interest rate and the additional rollover payment that can be had from holding a long AUDUSD position, and this lower price presents a ‘perceived value.’ As additional buyers enter the picture, price will move up to reflect this increased demand.
And then price will, once again, move so high that traders no longer want to enter the picture at that price level, and price will respond by moving down.
This is but one example of the Supply and Demand relationship; on one time frame… we can even see this relationship playing out in the tick chart of any currency pair.
This is the process of price attempting to find its fair value… it takes place on many different time frames in every market in the world.
In our next article, we’ll tie supply and demand in with support and resistance so that traders can look to use these principals to their advantage.
